There’s undeniable intrigue in careers related to forensic science. Trained to see evidence invisible to the naked eye, these laboratory crime fighters use the rigorous powers of observation, inference, and research-based analyses to reconstruct (often violent) events and put criminals behind bars.
Forensic scientists and forensic science technicians receive ample on-the-job training. Before seeking employment, most pursue college degrees in forensics, biology, molecular biology, chemistry, biochemistry, and other hard sciences, choosing specialized coursework in pathology, DNA, criminology, firearms, genetics, fingerprints, toxicology, trace evidence, and other relevant fields.
The daily responsibilities of forensic scientists vary from standard to specialized. O*NET (2024)—an organization sponsored by the U.S. Department of Labor—details some of the common job responsibilities for these professionals. Forensic science technicians gather evidence (e.g., bodily fluids, clothing fibers, weapons, soils, plastics, etc); photograph or document findings (i.e., create “certificates of analyses”); analyze evidence using scientific procedures (e.g., scanning electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, genetic fingerprinting); visit morgues to examine victims of crime; stay abreast of methodological and technological developments in the field; compare evidence with digital records; liaise with experts in law, medicine, ballistics, metallurgy, handwriting, electronics, and other fields; create presentations for conferences; and testify as expert witnesses in court.
As for work environments, many forensic scientists work for the federal government—the highest-paying employer according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in 2023—although local governments are actually the top-employing organization in this field. Finally, before seeking jobs in the upper echelons of the discipline, many forensic science professionals choose to become nationally certified through agencies accredited by the Forensic Specialties Accreditation Board (FSAB).
Read on for a more granular look at the salary prospects and steps to becoming a forensic scientist, including typical education, program accreditation, and professional certification options.
There’s excellent news for the future of this profession. The BLS (2024) projects that openings for forensic science technicians will swell 13 percent between 2022 and 2032, which is more than four times the growth rate anticipated for all occupations (3 percent). Furthermore, this expected addition of 2,300 jobs does not include increased opportunities in related careers such as crime scene investigators (CSI), medicolegal death experts, insurance investigators, biological technicians, chemical technicians, laboratory technologists, fire inspectors, etc.
The good news is that there’s no shortage of opportunities for qualified forensic science technicians who have the right training under their belts. According to Indeed.com, in May 2024, there were 284 job postings for these professionals in the United States, including openings at the Montgomery County Government, the City of Santa Monica, the Metropolitan Government of Nashville & Davidson County, the King County, RTI International, the US Drug Enforcement Administration, and the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department. In sum, this is expected to be a high-growth career with employment in various US-based locations in the future.
Regarding the salaries, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS May 2023), forensic science technicians enjoy good wages nationwide. Among the 17,520 forensic science technicians around the US, the BLS found an average annual salary (annual mean wage) of $71,540, much more than the mean yearly salary for all occupations in the U.S. at $65,470 (BLS May 2023). As wages vary by region, experience, education, and other factors, the BLS provides a salary range breakdown for forensic science technicians.
In more detailed terms, here are the salary percentiles in this occupation in the US:
| United States | |
|---|---|
| Number of Forensic Science Technicians Employed | 17,520 |
| Annual mean wage | $71,540 |
| 10th Percentile | $41,410 |
| 25th Percentile | $50,480 |
| 50th Percentile (Median) | $64,940 |
| 75th Percentile | $84,720 |
| 90th Percentile | $107,490 |
The salary data on PayScale (May 2024)—an aggregator of self-reported wages in common occupations—found slightly different ranges among its 265 forensic scientist respondents:
As mentioned above, salary prospects tend to differ according to region. The highest-paying states for forensic science technicians are the following (May 2023):
However, these are not necessarily the highest employing states for these forensics professionals, a factor roughly correlating with state population size (May 2023):
Finally, good news for Californians: four of the top-five highest-paying metropolitan areas are located in the Golden State (May 2023):
For more information, please visit the forensic scientist salary page.
The forensic scientist occupation can encompass several different professions, but this section will mainly consider the career of a forensic science technician. New forensic science technicians should earn a minimum of a bachelor’s degree to give themselves the best chance of employment.
In most cases, there are no legal requirements for certification or licensure for forensic scientists. However, Indiana has explicitly developed a Crime Scene Certification Committee to certify crime scene investigators. Other states may follow suit with licensure requirements.
In addition to legal certification, many forensic scientists pursue certification in their chosen specialty to improve employment opportunities. The Forensic Specialties Accreditation Board (FSAB) accredits forensic toxicology, criminalistics, and document examination certifications. Each certification has discrete requirements, so those interested in pursuing this type of certification should determine the prerequisites.
There are many paths to a promising career in forensic science. Here is one possible path to joining this high-growth field:
To set themselves up for success, aspiring forensic scientists are advised to graduate from high school, ideally with high marks in biology, chemistry, physiology, statistics, and mathematics. Additionally, some students volunteer or intern in relevant agencies such as police departments, fire departments, medical laboratories, hospitals, or other organizations.
For example, the National Student Leadership Conference (NSLC) provides a weeklong summer internship to secondary students in forensic science with hands-on training through forensic simulations, supervised laboratory work, and lectures from experienced professionals. The summer sessions occur at American University and Columbia University, giving students hands-on opportunities to solve simulated crimes and interact with legal experts. Interested students are encouraged to contact local and national institutions to see which opportunities are available.
Some associate degree programs are available for prospective entry-level forensic science technicians. Admissions requirements for two-year programs in this field generally call for a high school diploma; a competitive GPA; a personal statement; and TOEFL test scores (for non-native speakers of English). In addition to general education, these programs may have classes in criminal law, fire & arson investigation, and the physical sciences.
Miami Dade College (MDC) offers an associate in science degree in crime scene technology, preparing students for employment in criminalistics with a specialty in forensic science or crime scene investigation. The forensic science associate degree prepares students for employment as forensic identification specialists.
Made up of 60 credits, the program includes courses such as human behavior in criminal justice; criminal investigation; introduction to criminal justice; forensic science; crime scene technology; basic fingerprinting; biotechnology methods and applications; and general chemistry & qualitative analysis.
Graduates of the program will be able to pursue entry-level positions in local, state, and federal agencies in forensic sciences, medical investigations, crime scene investigations, insurance investigations, and laboratory technologies.
While there are many ways to become a forensic scientist, earning a bachelor’s degree in biology, chemistry, biochemistry, forensics, or a related field is highly recommended. O*NET Online (2024) confirms this, saying that most forensic scientists have a bachelor’s degree. Not only can a four-year degree enhance employment prospects and earning potential, but it can also open doors to careers in related fields, particularly laboratory work. Graduates from two-year associate’s degree programs can finish their degree in two years, while those enrolling in a bachelor’s program from high school can complete this degree in four years.
Typical applications to scientific bachelor’s programs may include the completion of specific coursework (e.g., high school level chemistry, biology, and mathematics); a competitive GPA; national test scores (SAT or ACT); a personal statement; letter(s) of recommendation; and TOEFL test scores (again, for non-native speakers of English).
In addition to general education, bachelor’s programs for forensic scientists include courses in criminalistics, forensic biology, organic chemistry, and more. The Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Commission (FEPAC)—the primary accrediting body for forensic science programs in the country—evaluates the quality of curricula, educational objectives, student support services, faculty credentials, admissions processes, and other relevant factors in schools nationwide.
For those seeking a degree in forensics, the University of Tampa (UT) provides a FEPAC-recognized bachelor of science (BS) program in forensic science. Students in this program receive training in forensic chemistry, crime scene investigation, forensic biology, forensic toxicology, fire debris analysis, and forensic firearms examinations. The curriculum of this program also includes internship opportunities with forensic laboratories.
Similar to many BS programs in forensics, UT provides a rigorous mix of laboratory experience and classes such as forensic chemistry; molecular biology; genetics; organic chemistry; forensic toxicology; introduction to criminal justice; biochemistry; and introduction to forensic research. The program comprises 86 credits.
Arizona State University offers an online bachelor of science degree in forensic science, teaching students about interpreting evidence and solving crimes using the latest technology. They will gain hands-on experience and learn professional forensic science techniques investigating crimes. At the end of the program, students will have to attend an in-person culminating experience on ASU’s West campus.
Comprising 120 credits, the program includes coursework in the fundamentals of genetics; modern concepts in biochemistry; general organic chemistry; principles of forensic science; fundamentals of forensic analysis; testimony and ethics in the forensic sciences; and analytical chemistry for life sciences.
Upon completing the program, graduates can take up roles such as biological scientists, biological technicians, chemical technicians, crime scene investigators, medical scientists, and health sciences managers.
For more bachelor’s programs in this field, visit the FEPAC website or the forensic science education page.
At this stage, many graduates of forensic science programs choose to garner some professional experience in medical and diagnostic laboratories, police departments, local governments, federal agencies, hospitals, and other settings. Not only does this address the disjunction between didactic coursework and real-world applications, but it also can put these professionals in a position to seek national certification.
Although professional certification may not be required for employment, it can enhance a job candidate’s resume or salary prospects. There are several relevant certification boards accredited by the Forensic Specialties Accreditation Board (FSAB), which include:
While requirements for these certifications vary, they typically involve possessing at least a bachelor’s degree in a field relevant to forensics; proof of job experience; letter(s) of recommendation; submitting an application fee; and successfully passing a test. For example, the American Board of Forensic Toxicology’s (ABFT) five-year “specialist” certification calls for official transcripts; a recent passport-style photograph; three professional references; proof of three years of experience; a $300 application fee; and passing a comprehensive exam. This certification is also offered at the “diplomatic” level to those with relevant doctoral degrees and at least three years of experience.
By contrast, the International Association for Identification (IAI) offers more targeted certifications that reflect specific competencies such as footwear identification; forensic art expertise; bloodstain pattern analysis; and ten-print fingerprint certification. Check with certifying boards for specific prerequisites.
While a master’s degree may be optional for many positions, pursuing a master’s or doctoral program in forensic science is an enticing option for mid-career forensic scientists seeking to upgrade their knowledge and credentials. Here are graduate degree and certificate programs in forensic science.
Boston University’s (BU) School of Medicine hosts a FEPAC-accredited master of science (MS) in biomedical forensic sciences, one of the premier graduate programs of its kind in the country. This program trains students in a variety of disciplines applicable to both evidence analysis and crime scene investigation.
To get accepted into the program, applicants must have a baccalaureate degree (preferably in natural science) from an accredited university, GRE scores (optional), a personal statement, three letters of recommendation, a current CV highlighting research, and TOEFL scores for students whose first language is not English.
In addition to supervised research and mock-court experiences, students must pass challenging coursework in criminal law & ethics; crime scene investigation; forensic biology; forensic chemistry; and trace evidence analysis, among others. The program consists of 38 credits.
Graduates of the program will be prepared to take up several career options in medical examiner offices, crime laboratories, scientific instrument companies, hospital or biotechnology laboratories, and law enforcement agencies.
The Marshall University Forensic Science Graduate Program is a prestigious institution that offers a master of science in forensic science degree, which is accredited by FEPAC. The program entails a five-semester core curriculum with both thesis and non-thesis options, ensuring students receive a well-rounded education in forensic science. To enhance their knowledge and expertise, students can opt for one or all of the four areas of emphasis offered by the program: forensic chemistry, DNA analysis, crime scene investigation, and digital forensics.
Applications are accepted every spring for a fall semester start. Applicants to this program must have a bachelor’s degree in forensic or natural science, computer science, computer or electrical engineering, information technology, or equivalent and a GPA of 3.0 or higher. This program is tailored to suit students who seek a deeper understanding of forensic science and to equip them with the necessary tools to excel in this exciting and fast-evolving field.
The 38-credit program includes courses such as crime scene and death investigation, forensic microscopy, forensic comparative sciences, forensic statistics, forensic analytical chemistry, biochemistry, foundations and fundamentals in digital forensics, legal issues in forensic science, and genetics and DNA technologies.
Stevenson University’s online master of forensic science is ideal for working professionals who wish to learn about the technology, pertinent law, and instrumentation used for collecting evidence for presentation in a court of law. Students in this program will receive training from the top experts in the field, as Stevenson University has a strong relationship with the U.S. Secret Service Lab, the Baltimore County Crime Lab, and the Maryland State Police Forensic Sciences Division.
Applicants to the program must have a bachelor’s degree in a natural science field, official college transcripts from all previous academic work, a GPA of 3.0, and a personal statement. Students must also complete general chemistry, organic chemistry, biology, statistics, and physics prerequisite courses.
As part of the program, students will delve into topics such as physical evidence at crime scenes; serology & immunology; trace evidence; toxicology; crime scene investigation; and DNA analysis.
Graduates of the program will be well-equipped to work as forensic DNA analysts, forensic toxicologists, forensic latent print examiners, and crime scene investigators.
Finally, graduate certificate options are abundant as well, including online programs.
For example, the University of Florida (UF) offers four distinct 15-credit, online graduate certificates in forensic science: death investigation, toxicology, drug chemistry, and DNA & serology. All of these programs can be completed entirely online.
For the forensic DNA & serology track, students must complete five foundational courses that impart skills in DNA analysis, blood-spatter analysis, interpretations of biochemical evidence, and nucleic acid chemistry, among other abilities.
The graduate certificate in death investigation is offered in collaboration with the University of Edinburgh College of Medicine. The curriculum for this program includes courses such as forensic analysis of DNA; forensic anthropology; and introduction to forensic medicine.
The toxicology graduate certificate is offered by the Department of Physiological Sciences in the College of Veterinary Medicine. It focuses on the principles of toxicology, drug biotransformation, and forensic toxicology.
Finally, the drug chemistry certificate is offered by the College of Pharmacy. It is structured to provide graduates with a solid foundation in drug pharmacology, analytical techniques, expert testimony, forensic drug chemistry, drug synthesis, and QA/QC procedures.
The university also offers a 12-credit graduate certificate in forensic science that includes courses such as biological evidence and serology; principles of forensic science; bloodstain pattern analysis; and forensic toxicology.
Notably, in addition to graduate certificates, the university also offers four master’s degree programs in forensic science, forensic DNA & serology, forensic toxicology, and forensic drug chemistry.
For more information on graduate education—both online and on-campus—please visit the forensic science online programs and forensic science education pages.
| Featured CSI & Forensic Science Programs | ||
|---|---|---|
| Grand Canyon University | MS - Forensic Science | Visit Site |
| Arizona State University | Forensic Science (BS) | Visit Site |
| Arizona State University | Forensic Science (PSM) | Visit Site |
| Stevenson University Online | Online Master of Forensic Science (MFS) | Visit Site |
| Stevenson University Online | Online Master's in Crime Scene Investigation | Visit Site |
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